Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC

MOMENTS OF VISION : RULE BREAKING, RULE CREATION, AND RULE USE IN MEANING SYSTEMS (PHENOMENOLOGY)

The phenomenologist\u27s claim that language structures the world refers to our experience that the world-texts which we encounter constantly demand interpretation. As suggested in Chapter 1, we react to the problem of interpreting this chaos by constructing meaning systems : systems of rules which permit us to structure our choosing. Mastering any skill first involves acquiring the constitutive rules--the rules of the game, possession of which makes meaningful action possible by assuring that we play the same game as others whom we encounter. Chapter II shows how we master those rules by altering our perceptual framework so as to see the world in light of them, allowing us to carry them to the act of perceiving/interpreting the world. We thus experience the world not as data in search of an interpretation, but as already interpreted. Texts appear to us in a pregiven or created context rather than as raw sense data. However, examining perception among chessplayers of various skill levels demonstrates that this context includes elements provided by rules of praxis (strategy) as well, which the novice learned along with the constitutive rules. While in exact tasks such as playing tic-tac-toe these rules would have the same certain status, in inexact skills like playing chess or speaking a language, following common-sense rules of praxis suggested as best by tradition cannot make one infallible, for they aim less at how to perform well than at how not to perform poorly, as Chapter III reveals. Moreover, in our everyday tasks these inauthentic routines, while both necessary and useful, prove to blind us to other ways of seeing and the possibilities thus entailed. But, as Heidegger argues and an analysis of the development of chess skill confirms, these self-imposed blinders can be removed in a moment of vision which reveals to us other possibilities more in accord with our authentic sight. Though these new ways of seeing will themselves be reduced to routine in time, thus completing the circle, the master traverses this fundamental circle many times. For that reason, Chapter IV suggests that our experience of chess, literature, and language is constantly rounded off into chess theory, genres, and scripts, which thus draw strongly on the they. If we forget this, our models will prove inadequate to account for human skill

What Is the Meaning of the Extreme Variability of Ancient Ironworking in West Africa?

International audienceIron production has played a part in the history of Africa for more than 2,500 years. The study of this specific human activity has demonstrated its exceptional significance, its historical continuity and an astonishing variability of practice. In sub-Saharan Africa, metallurgists developed different ways to produce the same material: iron. They multiplied the technical choices to a degree unequalled on other continents. But what is the significance of such extreme diversity? In this paper, we will detail four case studies representing different situations: in the Dendi country/Benin, where the question of the nature of the raw materials is considered; in the Dogon country/Mali, seven contemporaneous smelting traditions in a limited geographical area; at the Korsimoro site/Burkina Faso, five successive smelting traditions in the same place; and in the Bassar region/Togo, the impact of ancient and intensive iron production on the environment and on the technology. Based on these examples we discuss the interpretation of diversity in terms of the history of technology and population dynamic

Situational factors shape moral judgments in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern, and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives (i.e., emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with utilitarian judgements (i.e., following the greater good defined through consequences). A central finding of this field Greene et al. showed that psychological and situational factors (e.g., the intent of the agent, or physical contact between the agent and the victim) play an important role in people’s use of deontological versus utilitarian considerations when making moral decisions. As their study was conducted with US samples, our knowledge is limited concerning the universality of this effect, in general, and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors of moral judgments, in particular. Here, we empirically test the universality of deontological and utilitarian judgments by replicating Greene et al.’s experiments on a large (N = X,XXX) and diverse (WEIRD and non-WEIRD) sample across the world to explore the influence of culture on moral judgment. The relevance of this exploration to a broad range of policy-making problems is discussed